Agawu, Kofi. “Theory and Practice in the Analysis of the Nineteenth-Century Lied.” Music Analysis 11 (1992), pp. 3-36.

Agawu’s article explores many foundational issues in the analysis of texted music, including how to deal with a repertoire in which two different semiotic systems (music and language) are at play. Agawu proposes a “Schenkerian poetics of song,” in which the “syntactic security” of a complete voice-leading graph forms the starting-point for music-text analysis.

Burkhart, Charles. “Departures from the Norm in Two Songs from Schumann’s Liederkreis.” Schenker Studies, ed. Hedi Siegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 146-64.

This essay examines two Schumann songs that are structured on what Schenker called an auxiliary cadence, or an incomplete harmonic progression ending on tonic. These songs both feature a background structure V – I, and Burkhart explores the relationship between poetic text and disruption of the canonical (I – V – I) Schenkerian Ursatz.

Schachter, Carl. “Motive and Text in Four Schubert Songs.” Aspects of Schenkerian Theory, ed. David Beach (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), pp. 61-76.

Schachter’s essay is an attempt to expand the scope of text-music studies. He argues for the importance of “structural connections” rather than the “prosody, tone painting, and affect” that he claims dominate published inquiry into text-music relations. As its title indicates, the essay focuses on connections between poetic text and (Schenkerian) motive.

The section "Analysis of 19th-Century Lied" was prepared by Kevin Koai