Open Access: Library Support

Yale University “as a matter of fundamental policy...encourages the wide dissemination of scholarly work produced by members of the Yale community, including copyrightable works” (Yale University Copyright Policy). The Yale University Library (YUL) supports this policy in a variety of ways:

• Funding for selected open access publications and initiatives that:
  • Support a wide range of collection-related initiatives designed to increase the availability of scholarly research materials to the global community.
  • Encourage the development of new cost models as an alternative to current subscription models that involve paywalls and other restrictions.
• Funding for selected journals and programs that provide waivers or discounts on article processing charges (APCs) for Yale authors.
• EliScholar, a repository for the scholarly output of researchers at Yale University. It promotes dissemination of their work, and preserves it in a freely-accessible, long-term archive. EliScholar allows researchers and other interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Yale scholarship.
• Preservation, digitization, and transmission of Yale University museum, library, and archival public domain collections for Yale students, faculty, and the general public. (Yale University Policy Open Access to Digital Representations of Works in the Public Domain from Museum, Library, and Archive Collections)
• Consultation services on issues of scholarly communication and copyright. Contact Sandra Enimil, Copyright Librarian and Contracting Specialist.

Yale Library’s current approach to funding Open Access (OA) collections is to experiment with different types of models. In keeping with this experimentation, the library has developed guidelines for evaluating new OA collections for funding. As the OA landscape continues to evolve, the library will review and update these guidelines.

Considerations for providing financial support to OA collections:

• Demonstrated benefit or potential benefit to communities worldwide (e.g., scholars, primary/secondary teachers and students, public libraries, governments.
• Value to Yale community (e.g., students and faculty who use the OA materials; authors who publish their work OA). If Yale community benefits, consider Yale Library’s obligation to participate in funding and not be a passive beneficiary.
• Discoverability of OA content, so that it can be found and used (e.g., indexed in Google Scholar and/or important discipline-specific discovery systems such as PubMed Central/Medline).
• Guarantee of long-term access to and preservation of content with a trusted third-party preservation service (such as LOCKSS or Portico).
• Accessibility: Compliance with the Level AA criteria of the Web Content Accessibilities Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1, published by the World Wide Web Consortium’s Web Accessibility Initiative. 
• Reputation of the publisher or organization.
• Business model: evidence of a plan for sustainability; financial transparency for funding contributors.
• Transparency of governance structures and processes; opportunity for library to engage in governance.
• Preference given to initiatives and programs from mission-aligned organizations.

Approved by Collection Steering Committee, December 9, 2021

What’s an APC?

What’s an APC-based library-subsidized model? “APC” stands for Author Publishing Charge or Article Processing Charge. The author (or the author’s institution or the author’s grant funding) pays a fee to make the article open access.

Yale Library currently supports three types of APC-based library-subsidized models:

• Library funds the entire cost of Yale author publishing. Example: PLOS. Library pays a flat fee to obtain an APC discount for all authors.
• The authors pays the discounted APC. Examples: BioMed Central, SpringerOpen, Frontiers.
• APC discount is a benefit of the library’s subscription (i.e., no additional cost to the library beyond the subscription fee). Examples: Science Advances, PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences).

Problems with APC-based models

Inequity: The original author-pays APC model means that authors who lack funding have been unable to publish their articles as open access. Shifting individual costs to libraries may perpetuate this problem; i.e., wealthier institutions have the means to support their authors’ OA publishing, while less well-funded institutions do not.

Potential lack of transparency: APCs can range widely, and many publishers do not provide a justification or breakdown of the cost. (See PLOS for an example of good transparency.) This makes it difficult to determine if publication costs are being fairly distributed between publishers and institutions.

Why does Yale Library support APC-based models?

Our current approach is to experiment with several different types of Open Access (OA) models. APC-based models have a strong presence in the OA publishing landscape, and many Yale authors publish under these models. Library engagement with APC-based models allows us to support Yale authors and to negotiate with publishers for author rights, fee structures, and—ideally—eventual transformation away from APC-based models.

Considerations for library funding of APC-based models

These are in addition to the general guidelines above, which also apply to APC-based models.

Highly desirable:

• Pure OA (not hybrid) or actively transitioning to pure OA.
• Author maintains copyright; work published under a CC license allowing broad reuse.
• Transparency in how APC charges are calculated.
• Focus on equity (publisher has a plan to move away from the APC model or address issues with the current waiver system).

Models or aspects of models we will not agree to:

• Requirement that library mediate transactions between authors and publisher (e.g., library has to verify author’s institutional affiliation).
• Annual amount of institutional publishing is “capped,” meaning that if the article cap is exceeded, either the library would have to increase its payment to the publisher or the author would have to pay the APC. Capped publishing introduces an unacceptable level of risk to the library budget or to the library’s ability to provide consistent service to Yale authors. 
• Models that require the library to establish a deposit account with the publisher from which APCs would be drawn.
• Clauses in the publisher agreement that are not allowed under current licensing guidelines.

Approved by Collection Steering Committee, December 9, 2021

For more information, contact:

Daniel Dollar

Associate University Librarian for Scholarly Resources
Yale University Library

daniel.dollar@yale.edu

(203) 432-9534

For medical OA resources, contact:

Lindsay Barnett

Collection Development & Scholarly Communication Librarian
Cushing/Whitney Medical Library

lindsay.barnett@yale.edu

(203) 785-2883

For science and social science OA resources, contact:

Kevin Merriman

Director of Collection Management, Technical Services, and Access Services Marx Science and Social Science Library
Yale University Library

kevin.merriman@yale.edu

(203) 436-9852